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This page was last updated on 13 December, 2007
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| Introduction | Monaco | Top of Page

Background: | The Genoese built a fortress on the site of present-day Monaco in 1215. The current ruling Grimaldi family secured control in the late 13th century, and a principality was established in 1338. Economic development was spurred in the late 19th century with a railroad linkup to France and the opening of a casino. Since then, the principality's mild climate, splendid scenery, and gambling facilities have made Monaco world famous as a tourist and recreation center.

| Geography | Monaco | Top of Page

Location: | Western Europe, bordering the Mediterranean Sea on the southern coast of France, near the border with Italy
Geographic coordinates: | 43 44 N, 7 24 E
Map references: | Europe
Area: | total: 1.95 sq km land: 1.95 sq km water: 0 sq km
Area - comparative: | about three times the size of The Mall in Washington, DC
Land boundaries: | total: 4.4 km border countries: France 4.4 km
Coastline: | 4.1 km
Maritime claims: | territorial sea: 12 nm
Climate: | Mediterranean with mild, wet winters and hot, dry summers
Terrain: | hilly, rugged, rocky
Elevation extremes: | lowest point: Mediterranean Sea 0 m highest point: Mont Agel 140 m
Natural resources: | none
Land use: | arable land: 0% permanent crops: 0% other: 100% (urban area) (2005)
Irrigated land: | NA
Natural hazards: | NA
Environment - current issues: | NA
Environment - international agreements: | party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Geography - note: | second-smallest independent state in the world (after Holy See); almost entirely urban

| People | Monaco | Top of Page

Population: | 32,671 (July 2007 est.)
Age structure: | 0-14 years: 15% (male 2,514/female 2,394) 15-64 years: 62.3% (male 10,047/female 10,312) 65 years and over: 22.7% (male 3,019/female 4,385) (2007 est.)
Median age: | total: 45.5 years male: 43.4 years female: 47.4 years (2007 est.)
Population growth rate: | 0.386% (2007 est.)
Birth rate: | 9.12 births/1,000 population (2007 est.)
Death rate: | 12.92 deaths/1,000 population (2007 est.)
Net migration rate: | 7.65 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2007 est.)
Sex ratio: | at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 0.974 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.688 male(s)/female total population: 0.912 male(s)/female (2007 est.)
Infant mortality rate: | total: 5.27 deaths/1,000 live births male: 6.09 deaths/1,000 live births female: 4.4 deaths/1,000 live births (2007 est.)
Life expectancy at birth: | total population: 79.82 years male: 75.99 years female: 83.85 years (2007 est.)
Total fertility rate: | 1.75 children born/woman (2007 est.)
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate: | NA
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS: | NA
HIV/AIDS - deaths: | NA
Nationality: | noun: Monegasque(s) or Monacan(s) adjective: Monegasque or Monacan
Ethnic groups: | French 47%, Monegasque 16%, Italian 16%, other 21%
Religions: | Roman Catholic 90%, other 10%
Languages: | French (official), English, Italian, Monegasque
Literacy: | definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 99% male: 99% female: 99% (2003 est.)

| Government | Monaco | Top of Page

Country name: | conventional long form: Principality of Monaco conventional short form: Monaco local long form: Principaute de Monaco local short form: Monaco
Government type: | constitutional monarchy
Capital: | name: Monaco geographic coordinates: 43 44 N, 7 25 E time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time) daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October
Administrative divisions: | none; there are no first-order administrative divisions as defined by the US Government, but there are four quarters (quartiers, singular - quartier); Fontvieille, La Condamine, Monaco-Ville, Monte-Carlo
Independence: | 1419 (beginning of rule by the House of Grimaldi)
National holiday: | National Day (Saint Rainier's Day), 19 November (1857)
Constitution: | 17 December 1962
Legal system: | based on French law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Suffrage: | 18 years of age; universal
Executive branch: | chief of state: Prince ALBERT II (since 6 April 2005) head of government: Minister of State Jean-Paul PROUST (since 1 June 2005) cabinet: Council of Government is under the authority of the monarch elections: none; the monarchy is hereditary; minister of state appointed by the monarch from a list of three French national candidates presented by the French Government
Legislative branch: | unicameral National Council or Conseil National (24 seats; 16 members elected by list majority system, 8 by proportional representation; to serve five-year terms) elections: last held 9 February 2003 (next to be held February 2008) election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - UNAM 21, UND 3
Judicial branch: | Supreme Court or Tribunal Supreme (judges appointed by the monarch on the basis of nominations by the National Council)
Political parties and leaders: | National and Democratic Union or UND [Guy MAGNAN]; Union for Monaco or UPM (including National Union for the Future of Monaco or UNAM)
Political pressure groups and leaders: | NA
International organization participation: | ACCT, CE, FAO, IAEA, ICAO, ICC, ICCt (signatory), ICRM, IFRCS, IHO, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IPU, ITSO, ITU, OIF, OPCW, OSCE, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, Union Latina, UNITAR, UNWTO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO
Diplomatic representation in the US: | chief of mission: Ambassador to the US and UN Gilles NOGHES chancery: 565 Fifth Avenue, 3rd floor, New York, NY 10017 telephone: (212) 286-0500 FAX: (212) 286-1574
Diplomatic representation from the US: | the US does not have an embassy in Monaco; the US Ambassador to France is accredited to Monaco; the US Consul General in Marseille (France), under the authority of the US ambassador to France, handles routine diplomatic and consular matters concerning Monaco
Flag description: | two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and white; similar to the flag of Indonesia which is longer and the flag of Poland which is white (top) and red

| Economy | Monaco | Top of Page

Economy - overview: | Monaco, bordering France on the Mediterranean coast, is a popular resort, attracting tourists to its casino and pleasant climate. In 2001, a major construction project extended the pier used by cruise ships in the main harbor. The principality has successfully sought to diversify into services and small, high-value-added, nonpolluting industries. The state has no income tax and low business taxes and thrives as a tax haven both for individuals who have established residence and for foreign companies that have set up businesses and offices. The state retains monopolies in a number of sectors, including tobacco, the telephone network, and the postal service. Living standards are high, roughly comparable to those in prosperous French metropolitan areas.
GDP (purchasing power parity): | $976.3 million note: Monaco does not publish national income figures; the estimates are extremely rough (2006 est.)
GDP (official exchange rate): | $NA
GDP - real growth rate: | 0.9% (2000 est.)
GDP - per capita (PPP): | $30,000 (2006 est.)
GDP - composition by sector: | agriculture: 0% industry: 4.9% services: 95.1% (2005)
Labor force: | 44,000 note: includes workers from all foreign countries (2005 est.)
Unemployment rate: | 0% (2005)
Population below poverty line: | NA%
Household income or consumption by percentage share: | lowest 10%: NA% highest 10%: NA%
Inflation rate (consumer prices): | 1.9% (2000)
Budget: | revenues: $863 million expenditures: $920.6 million (2005 est.)
Agriculture - products: | none
Industries: | tourism, construction, small-scale industrial and consumer products
Industrial production growth rate: | NA%
Electricity - consumption: | NA kWh
Electricity - imports: | NA kWh; note - electricity supplied by France
Exports: | $716.3 million note: full customs integration with France, which collects and rebates Monegasque trade duties; also participates in EU market system through customs union with France (2005)
Imports: | $916.1 million note: full customs integration with France, which collects and rebates Monegasque trade duties; also participates in EU market system through customs union with France (2005)
Economic aid - recipient: | $NA
Debt - external: | $18 billion (2000 est.)
Market value of publicly traded shares: | $NA
Currency (code): | euro (EUR)
Exchange rates: | euros per US dollar - 0.7964 (2006), 0.8041 (2005), 0.8054 (2004), 0.886 (2003), 1.0626 (2002)
Fiscal year: | calendar year

| Communications | Monaco | Top of Page

Telephones - main lines in use: | 34,000 (2005)
Telephones - mobile cellular: | 17,200 (2005)
Telephone system: | general assessment: modern automatic telephone system domestic: NA international: country code - 377; no satellite earth stations; connected by cable into the French communications system
Radio broadcast stations: | AM 1, FM NA, shortwave 8 (1998)
Television broadcast stations: | 5 (1998)
Internet country code: | .mc
Internet hosts: | 14,520 (2007)
Internet users: | 20,000 (2006)

| Transportation | Monaco | Top of Page

Heliports: | 1 (2007)
Roadways: | total: 50 km paved: 50 km (1999)
Merchant marine: | registered in other countries: 64 (Bahamas 11, Barbados 1, Georgia 10, Isle of Man 3, Liberia 8, Malta 1, Marshall Islands 7, Norway 5, Panama 11, St Kitts and Nevis 1, St Vincent and The Grenadines 6, unknown 1) (2007)
Ports and terminals: | Monaco

| Military | Monaco | Top of Page

Manpower available for military service: | males age 18-49: 6,256 (2005 est.)
Manpower fit for military service: | males age 18-49: 4,971 (2005 est.)
Manpower reaching military service age annually: | males age 18-49: 148 (2005 est.)
Military - note: | defense is the responsibility of France; the Palace Guard performs ceremonial duties (2003)

| Transnational Issues | Monaco | Top of Page

Disputes - international: | none

This page was last updated on 13 December, 2007