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Introduction | Lithuania

Background: | Lithuanian lands were united under MINDAUGAS in 1236; over the next century, through alliances and conquest, Lithuania extended its territory to include most of present-day Belarus and Ukraine. By the end of the 14th century Lithuania was the largest state in Europe. An alliance with Poland in 1386 led the two countries into a union through the person of a common ruler. In 1569, Lithuania and Poland formally united into a single dual state, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. This entity survived until 1795, when its remnants were partitioned by surrounding countries. Lithuania regained its independence following World War I, but was annexed by the USSR in 1940 - an action never recognized by the US and many other countries. On 11 March 1990, Lithuania became the first of the Soviet republics to declare its independence, but Moscow did not recognize this proclamation until September of 1991 (following the abortive coup in Moscow). The last Russian troops withdrew in 1993. Lithuania subsequently restructured its economy for integration into western European institutions; it joined both NATO and the EU in the spring of 2004.

Geography | Lithuania

Location: | Eastern Europe, bordering the Baltic Sea, between Latvia and Russia
Geographic coordinates: | 56 00 N, 24 00 E
Map references: | Europe
Area: | total: 65,200 sq km land: NA sq km water: NA sq km
Area - comparative: | slightly larger than West Virginia
Land boundaries: | total: 1,613 km border countries: Belarus 653.5 km, Latvia 588 km, Poland 103.7 km, Russia (Kaliningrad) 267.8 km
Coastline: | 90 km
Maritime claims: | territorial sea: 12 nm
Climate: | transitional, between maritime and continental; wet, moderate winters and summers
Terrain: | lowland, many scattered small lakes, fertile soil
Elevation extremes: | lowest point: Baltic Sea 0 m highest point: Juozapines Kalnas 293.6 m
Natural resources: | peat, arable land, amber
Land use: | arable land: 44.81% permanent crops: 0.9% other: 54.29% (2005)
Irrigated land: | 70 sq km (2003)
Internal Renewable Water Resources: | 24.5 cu km (2005)
Freshwater Withdrawal (Domestic/Industrial/Agricultural): | Total: 3.33 cu km/yr (78%/15%/7%) Per capita: 971 cu m/yr (2003)
Natural hazards: | NA
Environment - current issues: | contamination of soil and groundwater with petroleum products and chemicals at military bases
Environment - international agreements: | party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Geography - note: | fertile central plains are separated by hilly uplands that are ancient glacial deposits

People | Lithuania

Population: | 3,575,439 (July 2007 est.)
Age structure: | 0-14 years: 14.9% (male 273,573/female 259,570) 15-64 years: 69.3% (male 1,213,011/female 1,264,996) 65 years and over: 15.8% (male 194,500/female 369,789) (2007 est.)
Median age: | total: 38.6 years male: 36.1 years female: 41.2 years (2007 est.)
Population growth rate: | -0.289% (2007 est.)
Birth rate: | 8.87 births/1,000 population (2007 est.)
Death rate: | 11.05 deaths/1,000 population (2007 est.)
Net migration rate: | -0.72 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2007 est.)
Sex ratio: | at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.054 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 0.959 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.526 male(s)/female total population: 0.887 male(s)/female (2007 est.)
Infant mortality rate: | total: 6.68 deaths/1,000 live births male: 7.99 deaths/1,000 live births female: 5.29 deaths/1,000 live births (2007 est.)
Life expectancy at birth: | total population: 74.44 years male: 69.46 years female: 79.69 years (2007 est.)
Total fertility rate: | 1.21 children born/woman (2007 est.)
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate: | 0.1% (2001 est.)
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS: | 1,300 (2003 est.)
HIV/AIDS - deaths: | less than 200 (2003 est.)
Nationality: | noun: Lithuanian(s) adjective: Lithuanian
Ethnic groups: | Lithuanian 83.4%, Polish 6.7%, Russian 6.3%, other or unspecified 3.6% (2001 census)
Religions: | Roman Catholic 79%, Russian Orthodox 4.1%, Protestant (including Lutheran and Evangelical Christian Baptist) 1.9%, other or unspecified 5.5%, none 9.5% (2001 census)
Languages: | Lithuanian (official) 82%, Russian 8%, Polish 5.6%, other and unspecified 4.4% (2001 census)
Literacy: | definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 99.6% male: 99.6% female: 99.6% (2001 census)

Government | Lithuania

Country name: | conventional long form: Republic of Lithuania conventional short form: Lithuania local long form: Lietuvos Respublika local short form: Lietuva former: Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic
Government type: | parliamentary democracy
Capital: | name: Vilnius geographic coordinates: 54 41 N, 25 19 E time difference: UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time) daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October
Administrative divisions: | 10 counties (apskritys, singular - apskritis); Alytaus, Kauno, Klaipedos, Marijampoles, Panevezio, Siauliu, Taurages, Telsiu, Utenos, Vilniaus
Independence: | 11 March 1990 (declared); 6 September 1991 (recognized by Soviet Union)
National holiday: | Independence Day, 16 February (1918); note - 16 February 1918 was the date Lithuania declared its independence from Soviet Russia and established its statehood; 11 March 1990 was the date it declared its independence from the Soviet Union
Constitution: | adopted 25 October 1992
Legal system: | based on civil law system; legislative acts can be appealed to the constitutional court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Suffrage: | 18 years of age; universal
Executive branch: | chief of state: President Valdas ADAMKUS (since 12 July 2004) head of government: Prime Minister Gediminas KIRKILAS (since 4 July 2006) cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president on the nomination of the prime minister elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held 13 and 27 June 2004 (next to be held June 2009); prime minister appointed by the president on the approval of the Parliament election results: Valdas ADAMKUS elected president; percent of vote - Valdas ADAMKUS 52.2%, Kazimiera PRUNSKIENE 47.8%; Gediminas KIRKILAS approved by Parliament 85-13, with five abstentions
Legislative branch: | unicameral Parliament or Seimas (141 seats; 71 members are elected by popular vote, 70 are elected by proportional representation; to serve four-year terms) elections: last held 10 and 24 October 2004 (next to be held in October 2008) election results: percent of vote by party - Labor 28.6%, Working for Lithuania (Social Democrats and Social Liberals) 20.7%, TS 14.6%, For Order and Justice (Liberal Democrats and Lithuanian People's Union) 11.4%, Liberal and Center Union 9.1%, Farmers and New Democracy Union 6.6%, other 9%; seats by faction - Labor 29, Homeland Union 26, Social Democrats 23, Civil Democracy (split from Labor) 11, Liberal Movement (formerly Liberal Political Group) 11, National Farmer's Union (formerly Farmers and New Democracy Union) 11, Social Liberal 10, Liberal Democrats 9, Liberal and Center Union 8, independents 3 (as of late-July 2006)
Judicial branch: | Constitutional Court; Supreme Court; Court of Appeal; judges for all courts appointed by the President
Political parties and leaders: | Civil Democracy Party [Viktor MUNTIANAS]; Electoral Action of Lithuanian Poles [Valdemar TOMASZEVSKI]; National Farmer's Union [Kazimiera PRUNSKIENE]; Homeland Union/Conservative Party or TS [Andrius KUBILIUS]; Labor Party [Kestutis DAUKSYS]; Liberal and Center Union [Arturas ZUOKAS]; Liberal Democratic Party [Rolandas PAKSAS]; Liberal Movement [Petras AUSTREVICIUS]; Lithuanian Christian Democrats or LKD [Valentinas STUNDYS]; Lithuanian People's Union for a Fair Lithuania [Julius VESELKA]; Lithuanian Social Democratic Party [Algirdas BRAZAUSKAS]; Social Liberal/New Union [Arturas PAULAUSKAS]; Social Union of Christian Conservatives [Gediminas VAGNORIUS]; Young Lithuania and New Nationalists [Stanislovas BUSKEVICIUS]
Political pressure groups and leaders: | NA
International organization participation: | ACCT (observer), Australia Group, BA, BIS, CBSS, CE, EAPC, EBRD, EIB, EU, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICRM, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITU, ITUC, MIGA, NATO, NIB, NSG, OIF (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCL, WCO, WEU (associate partner), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Diplomatic representation in the US: | chief of mission: Ambassador Audrius BRUZGA chancery: 4590 MacArthur Blvd. NW, Suite 200, Washington, DC 20007 telephone: [1] (202) 234-5860 FAX: [1] (202) 328-0466 consulate(s) general: Chicago, New York
Diplomatic representation from the US: | chief of mission: Ambassador John A. CLOUD embassy: Akmenu Gatve 6, Vilnius, LT-03106 mailing address: American Embassy, Akmenu Gatve 6, Vilnius LT-03106 telephone: [370] (5) 266 5500 FAX: [370] (5) 266 5510
Flag description: | three equal horizontal bands of yellow (top), green, and red

Economy | Lithuania

Economy - overview: | Lithuania, the Baltic state that has conducted the most trade with Russia, has grown rapidly since rebounding from the 1998 Russian financial crisis. Unemployment fell to 3.7% in 2006, while wages grew 17.6%, contributing to rising inflation. Exports and imports continue to grow strongly, and the current account deficit rose to nearly 10% of GDP in 2006. Trade has been increasingly oriented toward the West. Lithuania has gained membership in the World Trade Organization and joined the EU in May 2004. Privatization of the large, state-owned utilities is nearly complete. Foreign government and business support have helped in the transition from the old command economy to a market economy, but foreign direct investment declined in 2006.
GDP (purchasing power parity): | $54.9 billion (2006 est.)
GDP (official exchange rate): | $30.2 billion (2006 est.)
GDP - real growth rate: | 7.5% (2006 est.)
GDP - per capita (PPP): | $15,300 (2006 est.)
GDP - composition by sector: | agriculture: 5.5% industry: 35% services: 59.6% (2006 est.)
Labor force: | 1.588 million (2006 est.)
Labor force - by occupation: | agriculture: 15.8% industry: 28.2% services: 56% (2004)
Unemployment rate: | 3.7% note: based on survey data, official registered unemployment of 5.7% (2006 est.)
Population below poverty line: | 4% (2003)
Household income or consumption by percentage share: | lowest 10%: 2.7% highest 10%: 27.7% (2003)
Distribution of family income - Gini index: | 36 (2003)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): | 3.8% (2006 est.)
Investment (gross fixed): | 23.1% of GDP (2006 est.)
Budget: | revenues: $10.05 billion expenditures: $10.12 billion (2006 est.)
Public debt: | 18.2% of GDP (2006 est.)
Agriculture - products: | grain, potatoes, sugar beets, flax, vegetables; beef, milk, eggs; fish
Industries: | metal-cutting machine tools, electric motors, television sets, refrigerators and freezers, petroleum refining, shipbuilding (small ships), furniture making, textiles, food processing, fertilizers, agricultural machinery, optical equipment, electronic components, computers, amber jewelry
Industrial production growth rate: | 7% (2006 est.)
Electricity - production: | 13.48 billion kWh (2005)
Electricity - production by source: | fossil fuel: 16.5% hydro: 5.7% nuclear: 77.7% other: 0% (2001)
Electricity - consumption: | 9.296 billion kWh (2005)
Electricity - exports: | 8.607 billion kWh (2005)
Electricity - imports: | 5.641 billion kWh (2005)
Oil - production: | 14,000 bbl/day (2004 est.)
Oil - consumption: | 56,000 bbl/day (2004 est.)
Oil - exports: | 145,100 bbl/day (2004)
Oil - imports: | 187,800 bbl/day (2004)
Oil - proved reserves: | 12 million bbl (1 January 2006)
Natural gas - production: | 0 cu m (2005)
Natural gas - consumption: | 2.916 billion cu m (2005 est.)
Natural gas - exports: | 0 cu m (2005 est.)
Natural gas - imports: | 2.916 billion cu m (2005)
Current account balance: | $-3.244 billion (2006 est.)
Exports: | $14.12 billion f.o.b. (2006 est.)
Exports - commodities: | mineral products 23%, textiles and clothing 16%, machinery and equipment 11%, chemicals 6%, wood and wood products 5%, foodstuffs 5% (2001)
Exports - partners: | Russia 12.8%, Latvia 11.1%, Germany 8.6%, Estonia 6.5%, Poland 6.1%, Netherlands 4.8%, Sweden 4.5%, UK 4.4%, US 4.3%, Denmark 4.2%, France 4.2% (2006)
Imports: | $18.29 billion f.o.b. (2006 est.)
Imports - commodities: | mineral products, machinery and equipment, transport equipment, chemicals, textiles and clothing, metals
Imports - partners: | Russia 24.3%, Germany 14.9%, Poland 9.5%, Latvia 4.8% (2006)
Economic aid - recipient: | $249.7 million (2004)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: | $5.773 billion (2006 est.)
Debt - external: | $16.2 billion (2006 est.)
Stock of direct foreign investment - at home: | $10.94 billion (2006 est.)
Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad: | $1.183 billion (2006 est.)
Market value of publicly traded shares: | $10.19 billion (2006)
Currency (code): | litas (LTL)
Currency code: | LTL
Exchange rates: | litai per US dollar - 2.7498 (2006), 2.774 (2005), 2.7806 (2004), 3.0609 (2003), 3.677 (2002)
Fiscal year: | calendar year

Communications | Lithuania

Telephones - main lines in use: | 792,400 (2006)
Telephones - mobile cellular: | 4.718 million (2006)
Telephone system: | general assessment: inadequate, but is being modernized to provide an improved international capability and better residential access domestic: a national, fiber-optic cable, interurban, trunk system is nearing completion; rural exchanges are being improved and expanded; mobile cellular systems are being installed; access to the Internet is available; still many unsatisfied telephone subscriber applications international: country code - 370; landline connections to Latvia and Poland; major international connections to Denmark, Sweden, and Norway by submarine cable for further transmission by satellite
Radio broadcast stations: | AM 29, FM 142, shortwave 1 (2001)
Radios: | 1.9 million (1997)
Television broadcast stations: | 27 (may have as many as 100 transmitters, including repeater stations) (2001)
Televisions: | 1.7 million (1997)
Internet country code: | .lt
Internet hosts: | 1.301 million (2007)
Internet Service Providers (ISPs): | 32 (2001)
Internet users: | 1.083 million (2006)

Transportation | Lithuania

Airports: | 87 (2007)
Airports - with paved runways: | total: 30 over 3,047 m: 3 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 1,524 to 2,437 m: 7 914 to 1,523 m: 2 under 914 m: 17 (2007)
Airports - with unpaved runways: | total: 57 over 3,047 m: 1 914 to 1,523 m: 3 under 914 m: 53 (2007)
Pipelines: | gas 1,696 km; oil 228 km; refined products 121 km (2006)
Railways: | total: 1,771 km broad gauge: 1,749 km 1.524-m gauge (122 km electrified) standard gauge: 22 km 1.435-m gauge (2006)
Roadways: | total: 79,497 km paved: 70,549 km (includes 417 km of expressways) unpaved: 8,948 km (2005)
Waterways: | 425 km (2005)
Merchant marine: | total: 50 ships (1000 GRT or over) 363,795 GRT/366,624 DWT by type: bulk carrier 4, cargo 22, chemical tanker 1, container 1, passenger/cargo 5, petroleum tanker 1, refrigerated cargo 16 foreign-owned: 9 (Denmark 9) registered in other countries: 20 (Antigua and Barbuda 6, North Korea 1, Norway 1, Panama 5, St Vincent and The Grenadines 7, unknown 3) (2007)
Ports and terminals: | Klaipeda

Military | Lithuania

Military branches: | Ground Forces, Naval Force, Lithuanian Military Air Forces, National Defense Volunteer Forces (2005)
Military service age and obligation: | 19-45 years of age for compulsory military service; 18 years of age for volunteers; 12-month conscript service obligation (2006)
Manpower available for military service: | males age 19-49: 830,368 females age 19-49: 830,524 (2005 est.)
Manpower fit for military service: | males age 19-49: 590,606 females age 19-49: 676,102 (2005 est.)
Manpower reaching military service age annually: | males age 18-49: 29,689 females age 19-49: 28,543 (2005 est.)
Military expenditures - percent of GDP: | 1.2% (2006; 1.23% 2007 est.)

Transnational Issues | Lithuania

Disputes - international: | Lithuania and Russia committed to demarcating their boundary in 2006 in accordance with the land and maritime treaty ratified by Russia in May 2003 and by Lithuania in 1999; Lithuania operates a simplified transit regime for Russian nationals traveling from the Kaliningrad coastal exclave into Russia, while still conforming, as a EU member state having an external border with a non-EU member, to strict Schengen border rules; the Latvian parliament has not ratified its 1998 maritime boundary treaty with Lithuania, primarily due to concerns over potential hydrocarbons; as of January 2007, ground demarcation of the boundary with Belarus was complete and mapped with final ratification documents in preparation
Illicit drugs: | transshipment and destination point for cannabis, cocaine, ecstasy, and opiates from Southwest Asia, Latin America, Western Europe, and neighboring Baltic countries; growing production of high-quality amphetamines, but limited production of cannabis, methamphetamines; susceptible to money laundering despite changes to banking legislation

This page was last updated on 13 December, 2007