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| Sierra Leone |

Introduction | Sierra Leone

Background: | The government is slowly reestablishing its authority after the civil war from 1991 to 2002 that resulted in tens of thousands of deaths and the displacement of more than 2 million people (about one-third of the population). The last UN peacekeepers withdrew in December 2005 leaving full responsibility for security with domestic forces. A new civilian UN mission - the UN Integrated Office in Sierra Leone (UNIOSIL) - was established to support the government's efforts to consolidate peace. The most pressing long-term threat to stability in Sierra Leone is the potential for political insecurity surrounding elections in July 2007.

Geography | Sierra Leone

Location: | Western Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean, between Guinea and Liberia
Geographic coordinates: | 8 30 N, 11 30 W
Map references: | Africa
Area: | total: 71,740 sq km land: 71,620 sq km water: 120 sq km
Area - comparative: | slightly smaller than South Carolina
Land boundaries: | total: 958 km border countries: Guinea 652 km, Liberia 306 km
Coastline: | 402 km
Maritime claims: | territorial sea: 12 nm contiguous zone: 24 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm continental shelf: 200 nm
Climate: | tropical; hot, humid; summer rainy season (May to December); winter dry season (December to April)
Terrain: | coastal belt of mangrove swamps, wooded hill country, upland plateau, mountains in east
Elevation extremes: | lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m highest point: Loma Mansa (Bintimani) 1,948 m
Natural resources: | diamonds, titanium ore, bauxite, iron ore, gold, chromite
Land use: | arable land: 7.95% permanent crops: 1.05% other: 91% (2005)
Irrigated land: | 300 sq km (2003)
Internal Renewable Water Resources: | 160 cu km (1987)
Freshwater Withdrawal (Domestic/Industrial/Agricultural): | Total: 0.38 cu km/yr (5%/3%/92%) Per capita: 69 cu m/yr (2000)
Natural hazards: | dry, sand-laden harmattan winds blow from the Sahara (December to February); sandstorms, dust storms
Environment - current issues: | rapid population growth pressuring the environment; overharvesting of timber, expansion of cattle grazing, and slash-and-burn agriculture have resulted in deforestation and soil exhaustion; civil war depleted natural resources; overfishing
Environment - international agreements: | party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: Environmental Modification
Geography - note: | rainfall along the coast can reach 495 cm (195 inches) a year, making it one of the wettest places along coastal, western Africa

People | Sierra Leone

Population: | 6,144,562 (July 2007 est.)
Age structure: | 0-14 years: 44.8% (male 1,349,878/female 1,400,297) 15-64 years: 52% (male 1,531,763/female 1,664,996) 65 years and over: 3.2% (male 92,360/female 105,268) (2007 est.)
Median age: | total: 17.5 years male: 17.2 years female: 17.7 years (2007 est.)
Population growth rate: | 2.292% (2007 est.)
Birth rate: | 45.41 births/1,000 population (2007 est.)
Death rate: | 22.64 deaths/1,000 population (2007 est.)
Net migration rate: | 0.15 migrant(s)/1,000 population note: refugees currently in surrounding countries are slowly returning (2007 est.)
Sex ratio: | at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female under 15 years: 0.964 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 0.92 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.877 male(s)/female total population: 0.938 male(s)/female (2007 est.)
Infant mortality rate: | total: 158.27 deaths/1,000 live births male: 175.39 deaths/1,000 live births female: 140.65 deaths/1,000 live births (2007 est.)
Life expectancy at birth: | total population: 40.58 years male: 38.36 years female: 42.87 years (2007 est.)
Total fertility rate: | 6.01 children born/woman (2007 est.)
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate: | 7% (2001 est.)
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS: | 170,000 (2001 est.)
HIV/AIDS - deaths: | 11,000 (2001 est.)
Major infectious diseases: | degree of risk: very high food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever vectorborne diseases: malaria and yellow fever are high risks in some locations water contact disease: schistosomiasis aerosolized dust or soil contact disease: Lassa fever (2007)
Nationality: | noun: Sierra Leonean(s) adjective: Sierra Leonean
Ethnic groups: | 20 African ethnic groups 90% (Temne 30%, Mende 30%, other 30%), Creole (Krio) 10% (descendants of freed Jamaican slaves who were settled in the Freetown area in the late-18th century), refugees from Liberia's recent civil war, small numbers of Europeans, Lebanese, Pakistanis, and Indians
Religions: | Muslim 60%, Christian 10%, indigenous beliefs 30%
Languages: | English (official, regular use limited to literate minority), Mende (principal vernacular in the south), Temne (principal vernacular in the north), Krio (English-based Creole, spoken by the descendants of freed Jamaican slaves who were settled in the Freetown area, a lingua franca and a first language for 10% of the population but understood by 95%)
Literacy: | definition: age 15 and over can read and write English, Mende, Temne, or Arabic total population: 35.1% male: 46.9% female: 24.4% (2004 est.)

Government | Sierra Leone

Country name: | conventional long form: Republic of Sierra Leone conventional short form: Sierra Leone local long form: Republic of Sierra Leone local short form: Sierra Leone
Government type: | constitutional democracy
Capital: | name: Freetown geographic coordinates: 8 30 N, 13 15 W time difference: UTC 0 (5 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)
Administrative divisions: | 3 provinces and 1 area*; Eastern, Northern, Southern, Western*
Independence: | 27 April 1961 (from UK)
National holiday: | Independence Day, 27 April (1961)
Constitution: | 1 October 1991; subsequently amended several times
Legal system: | based on English law and customary laws indigenous to local tribes; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Suffrage: | 18 years of age; universal
Executive branch: | chief of state: President Ernest Bai KOROMA (since 17 September 2007); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government head of government: President Ernest Bai KOROMA (since 17 September 2007) cabinet: Ministers of State appointed by the president with the approval of the House of Representatives; the cabinet is responsible to the president elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held 11 August 2007 and 8 September 2007 (next to be held in 2012) election results: second round results; percent of vote - Ernest Bai KOROMA 54.6%, Solomon BEREWA 45.4%
Legislative branch: | unicameral Parliament (124 seats; 112 members elected by popular vote, 12 filled by paramount chiefs elected in separate elections; to serve five-year terms) elections: last held on 11 August 2007 (next to be held in 2012) election results: percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - APC 59, SLPP 43, PMDC 10
Judicial branch: | Supreme Court; Appeals Court; High Court
Political parties and leaders: | All People's Congress or APC [Ernest Bai KOROMA]; Peace and Liberation Party or PLP [Darlington MORRISON]; People's Movement for Democratic Change or PMDC [Charles MARGAI]; Sierra Leone People's Party or SLPP [Solomon BEREWA]; numerous others
Political pressure groups and leaders: | trade unions and student unions
International organization participation: | ACP, AfDB, AU, C, ECOWAS, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ITU, ITUC, MIGA, NAM, OIC, OPCW, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Diplomatic representation in the US: | chief of mission: Ambassador Ibrahim M. KAMARA chancery: 1701 19th Street NW, Washington, DC 20009 telephone: [1] (202) 939-9261 through 9263 FAX: [1] (202) 483-1793
Diplomatic representation from the US: | chief of mission: Ambassador Thomas N. HULL embassy: Corner of Walpole and Siaka Stevens Streets, Freetown mailing address: use embassy street address telephone: [232] (22) 515 000 or [232] (76) 515 000 FAX: [232] (22) 225471
Flag description: | three equal horizontal bands of light green (top), white, and light blue

Economy | Sierra Leone

Economy - overview: | Sierra Leone is an extremely poor nation with tremendous inequality in income distribution. While it possesses substantial mineral, agricultural, and fishery resources, its economic and social infrastructure is not well developed, and serious social disorders continue to hamper economic development. Nearly half of the working-age population engages in subsistence agriculture. Manufacturing consists mainly of the processing of raw materials and of light manufacturing for the domestic market. Alluvial diamond mining remains the major source of hard currency earnings accounting for nearly half of Sierra Leone's exports. The fate of the economy depends upon the maintenance of domestic peace and the continued receipt of substantial aid from abroad, which is essential to offset the severe trade imbalance and supplement government revenues. The IMF has completed a Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility program that helped stabilize economic growth and reduce inflation. A recent increase in political stability has led to a revival of economic activity such as the rehabilitation of bauxite and rutile mining.
GDP (purchasing power parity): | $5.452 billion (2006 est.)
GDP (official exchange rate): | $1.236 billion (2006 est.)
GDP - real growth rate: | 7.1% (2006 est.)
GDP - per capita (PPP): | $900 (2006 est.)
GDP - composition by sector: | agriculture: 49% industry: 31% services: 21% (2001 est.)
Labor force: | 1.369 million (1981 est.)
Labor force - by occupation: | agriculture: NA% industry: NA% services: NA%
Unemployment rate: | NA%
Population below poverty line: | 70.2% (2004)
Household income or consumption by percentage share: | lowest 10%: 0.5% highest 10%: 43.6% (1989)
Distribution of family income - Gini index: | 62.9 (1989)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): | 1% (2002 est.)
Budget: | revenues: $96 million expenditures: $351 million (2000 est.)
Agriculture - products: | rice, coffee, cocoa, palm kernels, palm oil, peanuts; poultry, cattle, sheep, pigs; fish
Industries: | diamond mining; small-scale manufacturing (beverages, textiles, cigarettes, footwear); petroleum refining, small commercial ship repair
Industrial production growth rate: | NA%
Electricity - production: | 245 million kWh (2005)
Electricity - production by source: | fossil fuel: 100% hydro: 0% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (2001)
Electricity - consumption: | 227.9 million kWh (2005)
Electricity - exports: | 0 kWh (2005)
Electricity - imports: | 0 kWh (2005)
Oil - production: | 4 bbl/day (2004 est.)
Oil - consumption: | 6,600 bbl/day (2004 est.)
Oil - exports: | NA bbl/day
Oil - imports: | NA bbl/day
Oil - proved reserves: | 0 bbl (1 January 2006)
Natural gas - production: | 0 cu m (2005 est.)
Natural gas - consumption: | 0 cu m (2005 est.)
Exports: | $185 million f.o.b. (2004 est.)
Exports - commodities: | diamonds, rutile, cocoa, coffee, fish
Exports - partners: | Belgium 52.1%, US 19.1%, Netherlands 6.8% (2006)
Imports: | $531 million f.o.b. (2004 est.)
Imports - commodities: | foodstuffs, machinery and equipment, fuels and lubricants, chemicals
Imports - partners: | Cote d'Ivoire 9.3%, US 7.7%, China 7.7%, Brazil 6.9%, UK 6.7%, Netherlands 5.5%, South Africa 4.5%, India 4.3%, France 4.2% (2006)
Economic aid - recipient: | $343.4 million (2005 est.)
Debt - external: | $1.61 billion (2003 est.)
Market value of publicly traded shares: | $NA
Currency (code): | leone (SLL)
Currency code: | SLL
Exchange rates: | leones per US dollar - 2,961.7 (2006), 2,889.6 (2005), 2,701.3 (2004), 2,347.9 (2003), 2,099 (2002)
Fiscal year: | calendar year

Communications | Sierra Leone

Telephones - main lines in use: | 24,000 (2002)
Telephones - mobile cellular: | 113,200 (2003)
Telephone system: | general assessment: marginal telephone and telegraph service domestic: the national microwave radio relay trunk system connects Freetown to Bo and Kenema international: country code - 232; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) (2000)
Radio broadcast stations: | AM 1, FM 9, shortwave 1 (2001)
Radios: | 1.12 million (1997)
Television broadcast stations: | 2 (1999)
Televisions: | 53,000 (1997)
Internet country code: | .sl
Internet hosts: | 46 (2007)
Internet Service Providers (ISPs): | 1 (2001)
Internet users: | 10,000 (2005)

Transportation | Sierra Leone

Airports: | 10 (2007)
Airports - with paved runways: | total: 1 over 3,047 m: 1 (2007)
Airports - with unpaved runways: | total: 9 914 to 1,523 m: 7 under 914 m: 2 (2007)
Heliports: | 2 (2007)
Roadways: | total: 11,300 km paved: 904 km unpaved: 10,396 km (2002)
Waterways: | 800 km (600 km year round) (2005)
Merchant marine: | total: 113 ships (1000 GRT or over) 314,549 GRT/419,409 DWT by type: bulk carrier 1, cargo 85, chemical tanker 4, combination ore/oil 1, container 4, liquefied gas 1, livestock carrier 1, passenger 1, passenger/cargo 4, petroleum tanker 7, roll on/roll off 4 foreign-owned: 47 (Belgium 1, China 8, Greece 1, Romania 2, Russia 5, Syria 8, Turkey 7, Ukraine 8, UAE 7) (2007)
Ports and terminals: | Freetown, Pepel, Sherbro Islands

Military | Sierra Leone

Military branches: | Republic of Sierra Leone Armed Forces (RSLAF): Army (includes Air Wing, Navy (Maritime Wing)) (2007)
Military service age and obligation: | 18 years of age (est.); no conscription (2001)
Manpower available for military service: | males age 18-49: 1,086,091 (2005 est.)
Manpower fit for military service: | males age 18-49: 539,697 (2005 est.)
Military expenditures - percent of GDP: | 2.3% (2006)

Transnational Issues | Sierra Leone

Disputes - international: | as domestic fighting among disparate ethnic groups, rebel groups, warlords, and youth gangs in Cote d'Ivoire, Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone gradually abate, the number of refugees in border areas has begun to slowly dwindle; UN Mission in Sierra Leone (UNAMSIL) has maintained over 4,000 peacekeepers in Sierra Leone since 1999; Sierra Leone considers excessive Guinea's definition of the flood plain limits to define the left bank boundary of the Makona and Moa rivers and protests Guinea's continued occupation of these lands including the hamlet of Yenga occupied since 1998
Refugees and internally displaced persons: | refugees (country of origin): 59,952 (Liberia) (2006)

This page was last updated on 13 December, 2007