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This page was last updated on 13 December, 2007
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| Introduction | Tunisia | Top of Page

Background: | Rivalry between French and Italian interests in Tunisia culminated in a French invasion in 1881 and the creation of a protectorate. Agitation for independence in the decades following World War I was finally successful in getting the French to recognize Tunisia as an independent state in 1956. The country's first president, Habib BOURGUIBA, established a strict one-party state. He dominated the country for 31 years, repressing Islamic fundamentalism and establishing rights for women unmatched by any other Arab nation. Tunisia has long taken a moderate, non-aligned stance in its foreign relations. Domestically, it has sought to defuse rising pressure for a more open political society.

| Geography | Tunisia | Top of Page

Location: | Northern Africa, bordering the Mediterranean Sea, between Algeria and Libya
Geographic coordinates: | 34 00 N, 9 00 E
Map references: | Africa
Area: | total: 163,610 sq km land: 155,360 sq km water: 8,250 sq km
Area - comparative: | slightly larger than Georgia
Land boundaries: | total: 1,424 km border countries: Algeria 965 km, Libya 459 km
Coastline: | 1,148 km
Maritime claims: | territorial sea: 12 nm contiguous zone: 24 nm
Climate: | temperate in north with mild, rainy winters and hot, dry summers; desert in south
Terrain: | mountains in north; hot, dry central plain; semiarid south merges into the Sahara
Elevation extremes: | lowest point: Shatt al Gharsah -17 m highest point: Jebel ech Chambi 1,544 m
Natural resources: | petroleum, phosphates, iron ore, lead, zinc, salt
Land use: | arable land: 17.05% permanent crops: 13.08% other: 69.87% (2005)
Irrigated land: | 3,940 sq km (2003)
Natural hazards: | NA
Environment - current issues: | toxic and hazardous waste disposal is ineffective and poses health risks; water pollution from raw sewage; limited natural fresh water resources; deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification
Environment - international agreements: | party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: Marine Life Conservation
Geography - note: | strategic location in central Mediterranean; Malta and Tunisia are discussing the commercial exploitation of the continental shelf between their countries, particularly for oil exploration

| People | Tunisia | Top of Page

Population: | 10,276,158 (July 2007 est.)
Age structure: | 0-14 years: 24% (male 1,270,208/female 1,191,619) 15-64 years: 69.2% (male 3,571,228/female 3,538,458) 65 years and over: 6.9% (male 333,801/female 370,844) (2007 est.)
Median age: | total: 28.3 years male: 27.7 years female: 28.8 years (2007 est.)
Population growth rate: | 0.989% (2007 est.)
Birth rate: | 15.54 births/1,000 population (2007 est.)
Death rate: | 5.17 deaths/1,000 population (2007 est.)
Net migration rate: | -0.47 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2007 est.)
Sex ratio: | at birth: 1.07 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.066 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 1.009 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.9 male(s)/female total population: 1.015 male(s)/female (2007 est.)
Infant mortality rate: | total: 22.94 deaths/1,000 live births male: 25.75 deaths/1,000 live births female: 19.92 deaths/1,000 live births (2007 est.)
Life expectancy at birth: | total population: 75.34 years male: 73.6 years female: 77.21 years (2007 est.)
Total fertility rate: | 1.73 children born/woman (2007 est.)
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate: | less than 0.1% (2005 est.)
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS: | 1,000 (2003 est.)
HIV/AIDS - deaths: | less than 200 (2003 est.)
Major infectious diseases: | degree of risk: intermediate food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea and hepatitis A vectorborne diseases: may be a significant risk in some locations during the transmission season (typically April through November) (2007)
Nationality: | noun: Tunisian(s) adjective: Tunisian
Ethnic groups: | Arab 98%, European 1%, Jewish and other 1%
Religions: | Muslim 98%, Christian 1%, Jewish and other 1%
Languages: | Arabic (official and one of the languages of commerce), French (commerce)
Literacy: | definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 74.3% male: 83.4% female: 65.3% (2004 census)

| Government | Tunisia | Top of Page

Country name: | conventional long form: Tunisian Republic conventional short form: Tunisia local long form: Al Jumhuriyah at Tunisiyah local short form: Tunis
Government type: | republic
Capital: | name: Tunis geographic coordinates: 36 48 N, 10 11 E time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time) daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October
Administrative divisions: | 24 governorates; Ariana (Aryanah), Beja (Bajah), Ben Arous (Bin 'Arus), Bizerte (Banzart), Gabes (Qabis), Gafsa (Qafsah), Jendouba (Jundubah), Kairouan (Al Qayrawan), Kasserine (Al Qasrayn), Kebili (Qibili), Kef (Al Kaf), Mahdia (Al Mahdiyah), Manouba (Manubah), Medenine (Madanin), Monastir (Al Munastir), Nabeul (Nabul), Sfax (Safaqis), Sidi Bou Zid (Sidi Bu Zayd), Siliana (Silyanah), Sousse (Susah), Tataouine (Tatawin), Tozeur (Tawzar), Tunis, Zaghouan (Zaghwan)
Independence: | 20 March 1956 (from France)
National holiday: | Independence Day, 20 March (1956)
Constitution: | 1 June 1959; amended 1988, 2002
Legal system: | based on French civil law system and Islamic law; some judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court in joint session; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Suffrage: | 20 years of age; universal except for active duty military
Executive branch: | chief of state: President Zine el Abidine BEN ALI (since 7 November 1987) head of government: Prime Minister Mohamed GHANNOUCHI (since 17 November 1999) cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term (no term limits); election last held on 24 October 2004 (next to be held in October 2009); prime minister appointed by the president election results: President Zine El Abidine BEN ALI reelected for a fourth term; percent of vote - Zine El Abidine BEN ALI 94.5%, Mohamed BOUCHIHA 3.8%, Mohamed Ali HALOUANI 1%
Legislative branch: | bicameral system consists of the Chamber of Deputies or Majlis al-Nuwaab (189 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms) and the Chamber of Advisors (126 seats; 85 members elected by municipal counselors, deputies, mayors, and professional associations and trade unions; 41 members are presidential appointees; members serve six-year terms) elections: Chamber of Deputies - last held on 24 October 2004 (next to be held in October 2009); Chamber of Advisors - last held on 3 July 2005 (next to be held in July 2011) election results: Chamber of Deputies - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - RCD 152, MDS 14, PUP 11, UDU 7, Al-Tajdid 3, PSL 2; Chamber of Advisors - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - RCD 71 (14 trade union seats vacant (boycotted))
Judicial branch: | Court of Cassation or Cour de Cassation
Political parties and leaders: | Al-Tajdid Movement [Ali HALOUANI]; Constitutional Democratic Rally Party (Rassemblement Constitutionnel Democratique) or RCD (official ruling party) [President Zine El Abidine BEN ALI]; Green Party for Progress or PVP [Mongi KHAMASSI]; Liberal Social Party or PSL [Mounir BEJI]; Movement of Socialist Democrats or MDS [Ismail BOULAHYA]; Popular Unity Party or PUP [Mohamed BOUCHIHA]; Progressive Democratic Party [Nejib CHEBBI]; Unionist Democratic Union or UDU [Ahmed INOUBLI]
Political pressure groups and leaders: | 18 October Group [collective leadership]; Democratic Forum for Labor and Liberties or FDTL [Mustapha Ben JAFAAR]; Tunisian League for Human Rights or LTDH [Mokhtar TRIFI]; note - the Islamic fundamentalist party, Al Nahda (Renaissance), is outlawed
International organization participation: | ABEDA, ACCT, AfDB, AFESD, AMF, AMU, AU, BSEC (observer), FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, LAS, MIGA, MONUC, NAM, OAPEC (suspended), OAS (observer), OIC, OIF, ONUB, OPCW, OSCE (partner), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMEE, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Diplomatic representation in the US: | chief of mission: Ambassador Nejib HACHANA chancery: 1515 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20005 telephone: [1] (202) 862-1850 FAX: [1] (202) 862-1858
Diplomatic representation from the US: | chief of mission: Ambassador Robert F. GODEC embassy: Zone Nord-Est des Berges du Lac Nord de Tunis 1053 mailing address: use embassy street address telephone: [216] 71 107-000 FAX: [216] 71 107-090
Flag description: | red with a white disk in the center bearing a red crescent nearly encircling a red five-pointed star; the crescent and star are traditional symbols of Islam

| Economy | Tunisia | Top of Page

Economy - overview: | Tunisia has a diverse economy, with important agricultural, mining, energy, tourism, and manufacturing sectors. Governmental control of economic affairs while still heavy has gradually lessened over the past decade with increasing privatization, simplification of the tax structure, and a prudent approach to debt. Progressive social policies also have helped raise living conditions in Tunisia relative to the region. Real growth slowed to a 15-year low of 1.9% in 2002 because of agricultural drought and lackluster tourism. Increased rain helped to push GDP growth to an average rate of 5% in 2003-05. However, a recession in agriculture, weak expansion in the tourism and textile sectors, and increasing import costs due to rising world energy prices cut growth to 4% in 2006. Tunisia is gradually removing barriers to trade with the EU. Broader privatization, further liberalization of the investment code to increase foreign investment, improvements in government efficiency, and reduction of the trade deficit are among the challenges ahead.
GDP (purchasing power parity): | $91.04 billion (2006 est.)
GDP (official exchange rate): | $33.33 billion (2006 est.)
GDP - real growth rate: | 5.2% (2006 est.)
GDP - per capita (PPP): | $8,900 (2006 est.)
GDP - composition by sector: | agriculture: 12.5% industry: 33.1% services: 54.4% (2006 est.)
Labor force: | 3.503 million note: shortage of skilled labor (2006 est.)
Labor force - by occupation: | agriculture: 55% industry: 23% services: 22% (1995 est.)
Unemployment rate: | 13.9% (2006 est.)
Population below poverty line: | 7.4% (2005 est.)
Household income or consumption by percentage share: | lowest 10%: 2.3% highest 10%: 31.5% (2000)
Distribution of family income - Gini index: | 40 (2005 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): | 4.5% (2006 est.)
Investment (gross fixed): | 22.7% of GDP (2006 est.)
Budget: | revenues: $7.228 billion expenditures: $8.163 billion (2006 est.)
Public debt: | 55.7% of GDP (2006 est.)
Agriculture - products: | olives, olive oil, grain, tomatoes, citrus fruit, sugar beets, dates, almonds; beef, dairy products
Industries: | petroleum, mining (particularly phosphate and iron ore), tourism, textiles, footwear, agribusiness, beverages
Industrial production growth rate: | 4.7% (2006 est.)
Electricity - production: | 12.85 billion kWh (2005)
Electricity - consumption: | 11.17 billion kWh (2005)
Electricity - exports: | 0 kWh (2005)
Electricity - imports: | 0 kWh (2005)
Oil - production: | 81,530 bbl/day (2004 est.)
Oil - consumption: | 89,000 bbl/day (2004 est.)
Oil - exports: | NA bbl/day
Oil - imports: | NA bbl/day
Oil - proved reserves: | 1.7 billion bbl (1 January 2006)
Natural gas - production: | 2.398 billion cu m (2005 est.)
Natural gas - consumption: | 4.124 billion cu m (2005 est.)
Natural gas - exports: | 0 cu m (2005 est.)
Natural gas - imports: | 1.726 billion cu m (2005)
Natural gas - proved reserves: | 74.68 billion cu m (1 January 2006 est.)
Current account balance: | $-633.8 million (2006 est.)
Exports: | $11.51 billion f.o.b. (2006 est.)
Exports - commodities: | clothing, semi-finished goods and textiles, agricultural products, mechanical goods, phosphates and chemicals, hydrocarbons
Exports - partners: | France 28.9%, Italy 20.4%, Germany 8.6%, Spain 6.1%, Libya 4.9%, US 4% (2006)
Imports: | $14.04 billion f.o.b. (2006 est.)
Imports - commodities: | textiles, machinery and equipment, hydrocarbons, chemicals, foodstuffs
Imports - partners: | France 25.1%, Italy 22%, Germany 9.5%, Spain 4.7% (2006)
Economic aid - recipient: | $376.5 million (2005)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: | $6.777 billion (2006 est.)
Debt - external: | $18.55 billion (2006 est.)
Stock of direct foreign investment - at home: | $21.22 billion (2006 est.)
Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad: | $57 million (2006 est.)
Market value of publicly traded shares: | $4.446 billion (2006)
Currency (code): | Tunisian dinar (TND)
Exchange rates: | Tunisian dinars per US dollar - 1.331 (2006), 1.2974 (2005), 1.2455 (2004), 1.2885 (2003), 1.4217 (2002)
Fiscal year: | calendar year

| Communications | Tunisia | Top of Page

Telephones - main lines in use: | 1.268 million (2006)
Telephones - mobile cellular: | 7.339 million (2006)
Telephone system: | general assessment: above the African average and continuing to be upgraded; key centers are Sfax, Sousse, Bizerte, and Tunis; Internet access available domestic: trunk facilities consist of open-wire lines, coaxial cable, and microwave radio relay international: country code - 216; 5 submarine cables; satellite earth stations - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) and 1 Arabsat; coaxial cable and microwave radio relay to Algeria and Libya; participant in Medarabtel; 2 international gateway digital switches
Radio broadcast stations: | AM 7, FM 20, shortwave 2 (1998)
Television broadcast stations: | 26 (plus 76 repeaters) (1995)
Internet country code: | .tn
Internet hosts: | 1,163 (2007)
Internet users: | 1.295 million (2006)

| Transportation | Tunisia | Top of Page

Airports: | 30 (2007)
Airports - with paved runways: | total: 14 over 3,047 m: 3 2,438 to 3,047 m: 6 1,524 to 2,437 m: 2 914 to 1,523 m: 3 (2007)
Airports - with unpaved runways: | total: 16 1,524 to 2,437 m: 2 914 to 1,523 m: 7 under 914 m: 7 (2007)
Pipelines: | gas 2,945 km; oil 1,227 km; refined products 351 km (2006)
Railways: | total: 2,153 km standard gauge: 471 km 1.435-m gauge narrow gauge: 1,674 km 1.000-m gauge (65 km electrified) dual gauge: 8 km 1.435 m and 1.000-m gauges (three rails) (2006)
Roadways: | total: 19,232 km paved: 12,655 km (includes 262 km of expressways) unpaved: 6,577 km (2004)
Merchant marine: | total: 8 ships (1000 GRT or over) 130,475 GRT/91,013 DWT by type: bulk carrier 1, cargo 1, chemical tanker 2, passenger/cargo 4 foreign-owned: 1 (Libya 1) (2007)
Ports and terminals: | Bizerte, Gabes, La Goulette, Skhira

| Military | Tunisia | Top of Page

Military branches: | Army, Navy, Republic of Tunisia Air Force (Al-Quwwat al-Jawwiya al-Jamahiriyah At'tunisia) (2007)
Military service age and obligation: | 20 years of age for compulsory military service; conscript service obligation - 12 months; 18 years of age for voluntary military service (2006)
Manpower available for military service: | males age 20-49: 2,441,741 females age 20-49: 2,406,362 (2005 est.)
Manpower fit for military service: | males age 20-49: 2,035,431 females age 20-49: 2,000,757 (2005 est.)
Manpower reaching military service age annually: | males age 18-49: 108,817 females age 20-49: 103,087 (2005 est.)
Military expenditures - percent of GDP: | 1.4% (2006)

| Transnational Issues | Tunisia | Top of Page

Disputes - international: | none

This page was last updated on 13 December, 2007