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| Botswana |

Introduction | Botswana

Background: | Formerly the British protectorate of Bechuanaland, Botswana adopted its new name upon independence in 1966. Four decades of uninterrupted civilian leadership, progressive social policies, and significant capital investment have created one of the most dynamic economies in Africa. Mineral extraction, principally diamond mining, dominates economic activity, though tourism is a growing sector due to the country's conservation practices and extensive nature preserves. Botswana has one of the world's highest known rates of HIV/AIDS infection, but also one of Africa's most progressive and comprehensive programs for dealing with the disease.

Geography | Botswana

Location: | Southern Africa, north of South Africa
Geographic coordinates: | 22 00 S, 24 00 E
Map references: | Africa
Area: | total: 600,370 sq km land: 585,370 sq km water: 15,000 sq km
Area - comparative: | slightly smaller than Texas
Land boundaries: | total: 4,013 km border countries: Namibia 1,360 km, South Africa 1,840 km, Zimbabwe 813 km
Coastline: | 0 km (landlocked)
Maritime claims: | none (landlocked)
Climate: | semiarid; warm winters and hot summers
Terrain: | predominantly flat to gently rolling tableland; Kalahari Desert in southwest
Elevation extremes: | lowest point: junction of the Limpopo and Shashe Rivers 513 m highest point: Tsodilo Hills 1,489 m
Natural resources: | diamonds, copper, nickel, salt, soda ash, potash, coal, iron ore, silver
Land use: | arable land: 0.65% permanent crops: 0.01% other: 99.34% (2005)
Irrigated land: | 10 sq km (2003)
Internal Renewable Water Resources: | 14.7 cu km (2001)
Freshwater Withdrawal (Domestic/Industrial/Agricultural): | Total: 0.19 cu km/yr (41%/18%/41%) Per capita: 107 cu m/yr (2000)
Natural hazards: | periodic droughts; seasonal August winds blow from the west, carrying sand and dust across the country, which can obscure visibility
Environment - current issues: | overgrazing; desertification; limited fresh water resources
Environment - international agreements: | party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Geography - note: | landlocked; population concentrated in eastern part of the country

People | Botswana

Population: | 1,815,508 note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July 2007 est.)
Age structure: | 0-14 years: 35.8% (male 330,377/female 319,376) 15-64 years: 60.3% (male 549,879/female 545,148) 65 years and over: 3.9% (male 28,725/female 42,003) (2007 est.)
Median age: | total: 20.9 years male: 20.7 years female: 21.1 years (2007 est.)
Population growth rate: | 1.503% (2007 est.)
Birth rate: | 23.17 births/1,000 population (2007 est.)
Death rate: | 13.63 deaths/1,000 population (2007 est.)
Net migration rate: | 5.49 migrant(s)/1,000 population note: there is an increasing flow of Zimbabweans into South Africa and Botswana in search of better economic opportunities (2007 est.)
Sex ratio: | at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.034 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 1.009 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.684 male(s)/female total population: 1.003 male(s)/female (2007 est.)
Infant mortality rate: | total: 43.97 deaths/1,000 live births male: 45.02 deaths/1,000 live births female: 42.9 deaths/1,000 live births (2007 est.)
Life expectancy at birth: | total population: 50.58 years male: 51.55 years female: 49.58 years (2007 est.)
Total fertility rate: | 2.73 children born/woman (2007 est.)
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate: | 37.3% (2003 est.)
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS: | 350,000 (2003 est.)
HIV/AIDS - deaths: | 33,000 (2003 est.)
Major infectious diseases: | degree of risk: high food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever vectorborne disease: malaria (2007)
Nationality: | noun: Motswana (singular), Batswana (plural) adjective: Motswana (singular), Batswana (plural)
Ethnic groups: | Tswana (or Setswana) 79%, Kalanga 11%, Basarwa 3%, other, including Kgalagadi and white 7%
Religions: | Christian 71.6%, Badimo 6%, other 1.4%, unspecified 0.4%, none 20.6% (2001 census)
Languages: | Setswana 78.2%, Kalanga 7.9%, Sekgalagadi 2.8%, English 2.1% (official), other 8.6%, unspecified 0.4% (2001 census)
Literacy: | definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 81.2% male: 80.4% female: 81.8% (2003 est.)

Government | Botswana

Country name: | conventional long form: Republic of Botswana conventional short form: Botswana local long form: Republic of Botswana local short form: Botswana former: Bechuanaland
Government type: | parliamentary republic
Capital: | name: Gaborone geographic coordinates: 24 45 S, 25 55 E time difference: UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)
Administrative divisions: | 9 districts and 5 town councils*; Central, Francistown*, Gaborone*, Ghanzi, Jwaneng*, Kgalagadi, Kgatleng, Kweneng, Lobatse*, Northeast, Northwest, Selebi-Pikwe*, Southeast, Southern
Independence: | 30 September 1966 (from UK)
National holiday: | Independence Day (Botswana Day), 30 September (1966)
Constitution: | March 1965, effective 30 September 1966
Legal system: | based on Roman-Dutch law and local customary law; judicial review limited to matters of interpretation; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
Suffrage: | 18 years of age; universal
Executive branch: | chief of state: President Festus G. MOGAE (since 1 April 1998); Vice President Seretse Ian KHAMA (since 13 July 1998); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government head of government: President Festus G. MOGAE (since 1 April 1998); Vice President Seretse Ian KHAMA (since 13 July 1998) cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president elections: president indirectly elected for a five-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held 20 October 2004 (next to be held in 2009); vice president appointed by the president election results: Festus G. MOGAE elected president; percent of National Assembly vote - 52%
Legislative branch: | bicameral Parliament consists of the House of Chiefs (a largely advisory 15-member body with 8 permanent members consisting of the chiefs of the principal tribes, and 7 non-permanent members serving 5-year terms, consisting of 4 elected subchiefs and 3 members selected by the other 12 members) and the National Assembly (63 seats, 57 members are directly elected by popular vote, 4 are appointed by the majority party, and 2, the President and Attorney-General, serve as ex-officio members; members serve five-year terms) elections: National Assembly elections last held 30 October 2004 (next to be held in October 2009) election results: percent of vote by party - BDP 51.7%, BNF 26.1%, BCP 16.6%, other 5%; seats by party - BDP 44, BNF 12, BCP 1
Judicial branch: | High Court; Court of Appeal; Magistrates' Courts (one in each district)
Political parties and leaders: | Botswana Alliance Movement or BAM [Ephraim Lepetu SETSHWAELO]; Botswana Congress Party or BCP [Otlaadisa KOOSALETSE]; Botswana Democratic Party or BDP [Festus G. MOGAE]; Botswana National Front or BNF [Otswoletse MOUPO]; Botswana Peoples Party or BPP; MELS Movement of Botswana or MELS; New Democratic Front or NDF note: a number of minor parties joined forces in 1999 to form the BAM but did not capture any parliamentary seats - includes the United Action Party [Ephraim Lepetu SETSHWAELO]; the Independence Freedom Party or IFP [Motsamai MPHO]; the Botswana Progressive Union [D. K. KWELE]
Political pressure groups and leaders: | NA
International organization participation: | ACP, AfDB, AU, C, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Interpol, IOC, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, MIGA, NAM, OPCW, SACU, SADC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNMIS, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Diplomatic representation in the US: | chief of mission: Ambassador Lapologang Caesar LEKOA chancery: 1531-1533 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036 telephone: [1] (202) 244-4990 FAX: [1] (202) 244-4164
Diplomatic representation from the US: | chief of mission: Ambassador Katherine H. CANAVAN embassy: address NA, Gaborone mailing address: Embassy Enclave, P. O. Box 90, Gaborone telephone: [267] 353982 FAX: [267] 312782
Flag description: | light blue with a horizontal white-edged black stripe in the center

Economy | Botswana

Economy - overview: | Botswana has maintained one of the world's highest economic growth rates since independence in 1966, though growth slowed to 4.7% in 2006. Through fiscal discipline and sound management, Botswana has transformed itself from one of the poorest countries in the world to a middle-income country with a per capita GDP of more than $11,000 in 2006. Two major investment services rank Botswana as the best credit risk in Africa. Diamond mining has fueled much of the expansion and currently accounts for more than one-third of GDP and for 70-80% of export earnings. Tourism, financial services, subsistence farming, and cattle raising are other key sectors. On the downside, the government must deal with high rates of unemployment and poverty. Unemployment officially was 23.8% in 2004, but unofficial estimates place it closer to 40%. HIV/AIDS infection rates are the second highest in the world and threaten Botswana's impressive economic gains. An expected leveling off in diamond mining production overshadows long-term prospects.
GDP (purchasing power parity): | $17.93 billion (2006 est.)
GDP (official exchange rate): | $9.761 billion (2006 est.)
GDP - real growth rate: | 5.4% (2006 est.)
GDP - per capita (PPP): | $10,900 (2006 est.)
GDP - composition by sector: | agriculture: 1.6% industry: 51.5% (including 36% mining) services: 46.9% (2006 est.)
Labor force: | 288,400 formal sector employees (2004)
Labor force - by occupation: | agriculture: NA% industry: NA% services: NA%
Unemployment rate: | 23.8% (2004)
Population below poverty line: | 30.3% (2003)
Household income or consumption by percentage share: | lowest 10%: NA% highest 10%: NA%
Distribution of family income - Gini index: | 63 (1993)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): | 11.5% (2006 est.)
Investment (gross fixed): | 18.6% of GDP (2006 est.)
Budget: | revenues: $4.651 billion expenditures: $3.353 billion (2006 est.)
Public debt: | 6.6% of GDP (2006 est.)
Agriculture - products: | livestock, sorghum, maize, millet, beans, sunflowers, groundnuts
Industries: | diamonds, copper, nickel, salt, soda ash, potash; livestock processing; textiles
Industrial production growth rate: | 6.3% (2006 est.)
Electricity - production: | 912 million kWh (2005)
Electricity - production by source: | fossil fuel: 100% hydro: 0% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (2001)
Electricity - consumption: | 2.602 billion kWh (2005)
Electricity - exports: | 0 kWh (2005)
Electricity - imports: | 1.754 billion kWh (2005)
Oil - production: | 0 bbl/day (2004)
Oil - consumption: | 11,500 bbl/day (2004 est.)
Oil - exports: | NA bbl/day
Oil - imports: | 13,490 bbl/day (2004)
Oil - proved reserves: | 0 bbl (1 January 2006)
Natural gas - production: | 0 cu m (2005 est.)
Natural gas - consumption: | 0 cu m (2005 est.)
Current account balance: | $2.083 billion (2006 est.)
Exports: | $4.587 billion f.o.b. (2006 est.)
Exports - commodities: | diamonds, copper, nickel, soda ash, meat, textiles
Exports - partners: | European Free Trade Association (EFTA) 87%, Southern African Customs Union (SACU) 7%, Zimbabwe 4% (2006)
Imports: | $2.646 billion f.o.b. (2006 est.)
Imports - commodities: | foodstuffs, machinery, electrical goods, transport equipment, textiles, fuel and petroleum products, wood and paper products, metal and metal products
Imports - partners: | Southern African Customs Union (SACU) 74%, EFTA 17%, Zimbabwe 4% (2006)
Economic aid - recipient: | $70.89 million (2005)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: | $7.992 billion (2006 est.)
Debt - external: | $483 million (2006 est.)
Market value of publicly traded shares: | $3.947 billion (2006)
Currency (code): | pula (BWP)
Currency code: | BWP
Exchange rates: | pulas per US dollar - 5.8447 (2006), 5.1104 (2005), 4.6929 (2004), 4.9499 (2003), 6.3278 (2002)
Fiscal year: | 1 April - 31 March

Communications | Botswana

Telephones - main lines in use: | 136,900 (2006)
Telephones - mobile cellular: | 979,800 (2006)
Telephone system: | general assessment: the system is expanding with the growth of mobile-cellular service and participation in regional development; system is fully digital with fiber-optic cables linking the major population centers in the east; fixed-line connections declined in recent years and now stand at 8 per 100 persons; mobile-cellular telephone density currently is about 60 per 100 persons domestic: small system of open-wire lines, microwave radio relay links, and a few radiotelephone communication stations; mobile-cellular service is growing fast international: country code - 267; international calls are made via satellite, using international direct dialing; 2 international exchanges; digital microwave radio relay links to Namibia, Zambia, Zimbabwe, and South Africa; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Indian Ocean) (2007)
Radio broadcast stations: | AM 8, FM 13, shortwave 4 (2001)
Radios: | 252,720 (2000)
Television broadcast stations: | 1 (2001)
Televisions: | 31,000 (1997)
Internet country code: | .bw
Internet hosts: | 5,820 (2007)
Internet Service Providers (ISPs): | 11 (2001)
Internet users: | 60,000 (2005)

Transportation | Botswana

Airports: | 85 (2007)
Airports - with paved runways: | total: 11 2,438 to 3,047 m: 2 1,524 to 2,437 m: 7 914 to 1,523 m: 2 (2007)
Airports - with unpaved runways: | total: 74 1,524 to 2,437 m: 3 914 to 1,523 m: 54 under 914 m: 17 (2007)
Railways: | total: 888 km narrow gauge: 888 km 1.067-m gauge (2006)
Roadways: | total: 24,355 km paved: 8,914 km unpaved: 15,441 km (2004)

Military | Botswana

Military branches: | Botswana Defense Force (includes an air wing) (2006)
Military service age and obligation: | 18 is the apparent age of voluntary military service; the official qualifications for determining minimum age are unknown (2001)
Manpower available for military service: | males age 18-49: 350,649 females age 18-49: 361,642 (2005 est.)
Manpower fit for military service: | males age 18-49: 136,322 females age 18-49: 136,315 (2005 est.)
Manpower reaching military service age annually: | males age 18-49: 21,103 females age 18-49: 21,379 (2005 est.)
Military expenditures - percent of GDP: | 3.3% (2006)

Transnational Issues | Botswana

Disputes - international: | the alignment of the boundary with Namibia in the Kwando/Linyanti/Chobe River, including the Situngu marshlands, was resolved amicably in 2003; concerns from international experts and local populations over the ecology of the Okavango Delta in Botswana and human displacement scuttled Namibian plans to construct a hydroelectric dam at Popavalle (Popa Falls) along the Angola-Namibia border; Botswana has built electric fences to stem the thousands of Zimbabweans who flee to find work and escape political persecution; Namibia has long supported, and in 2004 Zimbabwe dropped objections to, plans between Botswana and Zambia to build a bridge over the Zambezi River, thereby de facto recognizing the short, but not clearly delimited, Botswana-Zambia boundary

This page was last updated on 13 December, 2007